Remodeling in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets—A Systematic Review

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by disorganized rapid atrial electrical activity, which leads to impaired function, adverse hemodynamic effects, and increased thromboembolic risk. The paroxysmal forms of AF can be effectively treated with current pharmacological non-pharmacological modalities targeting the arrhythmia triggers. Persistent AF, however, more difficult treat due remodeling processes may become major factors in maintenance arrhythmia, rendering trigger-targeting treatment options less effective. We will systematically review recent findings development persistent including genetic, cellular, organ level, systemic processes. As remains most common sustained ongoing need find effective treatment, we also discuss potential